What are the basics of transmission?

TPS, HPS, transmission system. This energy can be transmitted in AC or DC form. Traditionally, AC has been used for years now, but

Single line diagram of AC power transmission system

A typical single line diagram that represents the flow of energy in a given

Electric power is commonly (or usually) generated at 11 kV in generating stations in India and Europe. While in some cases, generation voltage might be higher or lower. Generating machines, to be used in power stations, are available between 6 kV to 25 kV from some big manufacturers. This generating voltage is then stepped up to 132kV, 220kV, 400kV or 765kV etc. Stepping up the voltage level depends upon the distance at which power is to be transmitted. Longer the distance, higher will be the voltage level. Stepping up of voltage is to reduce the I2R losses in transmitting the power (when voltage is stepped up, the current reduces by a relative amount so that the power remains constant, and hence I2R loss also reduces). This stage is called as primary transmission.

The voltage is the stepped down at a receiving station to 33kV or 66kV. Secondary transmission lines emerge from this receiving station to connect substations located near load centers (cities etc.).

primary distribution.

The voltage is stepped down again to 11kV at a substation. Large industrial consumers can be supplied at 11kV directly from these substations. Also, feeders emerge from these substations. This stage is called as

Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which carry power close to the load points (end consumers) up to a couple of kilometers. Finally, the voltage is stepped down to 415 volts by a pole-mounted distribution transformer and delivered to the distributors. End consumers are supplied through a service mains line from distributors. The secondary distribution system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains.

Different types of transmission systems

1. Single phase AC system
   • single phase, two wires
   • single phase, two wires with midpoint earthed
   • single phase, three wires
2. Two phase AC system
   • two-phase, three wires
   • two-phase, four wires
3. Three phase AC system
   • three-phase, three wires
   • three-phase, four wires
4. DC system
   • DC two wires
   • DC two wires with midpoint earthed
   • DC three wires

Electric power transmission can also be carried out using

Main elements of a transmission line

Due to the economic considerations, three-phase three-wire overhead system is widely used for electric power transmission. Following are the main elements of a typical power system.

• Conductors: three for a single circuit line and six for a double circuit line. Conductors must be of proper size (i.e. cross-sectional area). This depends upon its current capacity. Usually, ACSR (Aluminium-core Steel-reinforced) conductors are used.
• Transformers: Step-up transformers are used for stepping up the voltage level and step-down transformers are used for stepping it down. Transformers permit power to be transmitted at higher efficiency.
• Line insulators: to mechanically support the line conductors while electrically isolating them from the support towers.
• Support towers: to support the line conductors suspending in the air overhead.
• Protective devices: to protect the transmission system and to ensure reliable operation. These include ground wires, lightening arrestors, circuit breakers, relays etc.
• Voltage regulators: to keep the voltage within permissible limits at the receiving end.

Electrical energy, after being produced at generating stations NPS , etc.) is transmitted to the consumers for utilization. This is due to the fact that generating stations are usually situated away from the load centers. The network that transmits and delivers power from the producers to the consumers is called the. This energy can be transmitted in AC or DC form. Traditionally, AC has been used for years now, but HVDC (High Voltage DC) is rapidly gaining popularity.A typical single line diagram that represents the flow of energy in a given power system is shown below:Electric power is commonly (or usually) generated at 11 kV in generating stations in India and Europe. While in some cases, generation voltage might be higher or lower. Generating machines, to be used in power stations, are available between 6 kV to 25 kV from some big manufacturers. This generating voltage is then stepped up to 132kV, 220kV, 400kV or 765kV etc. Stepping up the voltage level depends upon the distance at which power is to be transmitted. Longer the distance, higher will be the voltage level. Stepping up of voltage is to reduce the IR losses in(when voltage is stepped up, the current reduces by a relative amount so that the power remains constant, and hence IR loss also reduces). This stage is called ascan also be carried out using underground cables . But, construction of an underground transmission line generally costs 4 to 10 times than an equivalent distance overhead line. However, it is to be noted that, the cost of constructing underground transmission lines highly depends upon the local environment. Also, the cost of conductor material required is one of the most considerable charges in a transmission system. Since conductor cost is a major part of the total cost, it has to be taken into consideration while designing. The choice of transmission system is made by keeping in mind various factors such as reliability, efficiency and economy. Usually, overhead transmission system is used.Due to the economic considerations, three-phase three-wire overhead system is widely used for electric power transmission. Following are the main elements of a typical power system.

Before you hand over the keys, brush up on the basics of automatic transmissions so you can understand why your transmission is acting up. Here we’ll cover the basic parts of a transmission, basic transmission problems and how to know if a rebuild is in your future.

What is a Transmission?

The transmission allows you to shift your car from gear to gear, knowing how fast you need to go and how quickly you need to get there. Remarkable stuff.

Parts of a Transmission: 101

While there are many little parts inside, your transmission is essentially made up of 4 key parts of systems:

Bell Housing: This is the cone shaped metal case that you can see when you peek underneath your car. If you have a front-wheel-drive car it’s stuck on the side of the engine under the hood. If your car is rear-wheel-drive, the transmission will be mounted underneath the car behind the engine.

Gears: Even though you’re not shifting them, an automatic transmission has gears. They are broken into main gears and planetary gears. You need all of these to be able to drive.

Fluid: Transmission fluid is very important to an automatic transmission. All of the magic happens in the fluid. Most cars come with red transmission fluid, good to know if you are looking for a leak.

Filter: All of that fluid has to be clean for your car to shift gears at the right time. To keep things fresh, your transmission has a filter to catch any gunk.

Transmission Problems: 101

If your car won’t start or doesn’t run smoothly, these problems are caused by the same faults in your transmission, so whichever your car is doing, the following applies:

Is your fluid level correct?

It’s important to check your transmission fluid at least twice a year. Not only can a low fluid level cause your car to shift poorly, it can eventually lead to transmission damage, and a costly repair. If your car seems to be losing fluid on a regular basis, you may have a leak.

Is your transmission leaking?

Checking for leaks isn’t as difficult as it may seem. The transmission is a closed system, so there are only a few places that can spring a leak. Unless it’s been changed to a non-dyed fluid, your car will have red transmission fluid. Here are a few places to check for leaks:

• At the filler tube base.
• At the drain hole underneath the transmission.
• Between the transmission and the engine.
• At the selector shaft – the rod that connects your gear shift to the transmission.
• At the speed sensor mounting point: This will either be your cable screwing into the transmission housing or an electronic sensor bolted to the housing.
• In the radiator: If your car has a transmission cooler, it’s possible that a leak will cause transmission fluid to leak into the radiator fluid. They don’t mix well, so you’ll see it floating around in there.

Is Your Filter Clogged?

Your transmission’s filter is vital to its performance. If you haven’t replaced your filter in a while, or ever, be sure to do this before you start talking about rebuilds or replacements.

Time for a Rebuild?

When your transmission is worn out, you’ll have to have it rebuilt. For some makes and models of car this is true a little too often. The important thing is checking any other possible causes to your problem before you have it taken apart. If you haven’t replaced your filter yet, start there as this fixes a good percentage of transmission problems. If your filter is in good condition and nothing simple is out of adjustment, it’s likely you’ll need a rebuild. The good news is that at Mister Transmission we offer a rebuild warrantee so you’ll know it will get fixed and stay fixed.

Generally, transmission problems can’t be fixed by the average do-it-yourselfer. There are just too many specialized and expensive tools and pieces of equipment needed. We recommend keeping up with your regular maintenance to keep you out of the shop as much as possible.

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