Conductor Analysis Technologies, Inc (CAT)
This coupon generator is based on the D-Coupon of IPC 2221B Appendix A. It is advised that you familiarize yourself with the coupon specifications before using the generator. It is also recommended that the drill, etch and soldermask fabrication compensations be applied uniformly to both the coupons and product board after the coupons have been designed.
Class 1 boards are tailored for general electronic devices with basic functions and a limited lifespan, such as the ones you can find in remote controls. Class 2 boards are ideal for dedicated service electronic products like televisions, computers, and air conditioners.
For top-tier performance in demanding fields such as military and medical applications, class 3 PCBs are the preferred choice.
As a PCB manufacturer, we frequently receive inquiries from designers on the distinctions among IPC Class 1, class 2, and class 3 boards. The selection of your board class depends on the specific application it will serve.
Highlights:
Class 1 boards are assigned to general electronic devices with a limited life and a simple function. This class includes the most typical everyday products. The class 1 boards allow various cosmetic defects as long as it doesn’t affect the functioning of the board. The reliability of the product isn’t a critical factor in these types of boards. For instance, they can be found in LED lights and kids’ toys, etc. They are the most inexpensive boards to manufacture in the industry but they come with a limited life expectancy.
Class 2 boards have higher reliability and extended life. They follow more stringent standards than class 1 but allow some cosmetic imperfections.
Here, uninterrupted service is preferable, but not critical. Class 2 products aren’t exposed to extreme environmental conditions. The board is expected to run continuously but its operation is not extremely critical. These kinds of boards are implemented in your laptops, smartphones, tablets, communication equipment, etc.
John Perry, Director of Printed Board Standards and Technology at IPC, explained, “Class 3 includes products where continued high performance or performance-on-demand is critical, product downtime cannot be tolerated, end-use environment may be uncommonly harsh, and the product must function when required.”
Class 3 boards must provide uninterrupted service even in harsh operating environments. There can be no equipment downtime. High levels of inspection and testing are performed on these boards with stringent standards. This makes them highly reliable. Apart from complying with class 3 standards, these boards should also meet the additional requirements mentioned in the IPC 6012E document. It sets benchmarks for the boards used in military, medical, and automotive applications.
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IPC-6012ES addendum: This defines the standards for the class 3 boards that are used in space and military avionics industries. The standard describes PCB requirements to withstand vibration, ground testing, and thermal cycling. Additionally, in acceptance testing, there are changes to factors like acceptance criteria, sample size, and test frequency.
IPC-6012EM addendum: The healthcare system utilizes surgical devices, x-ray, radiation, and ultrasound machines. Failure in these systems can directly put the life of the patient at risk. As a result, IPC has issued the IPC-6012EM addendum, which includes more stringent requirements for PCBs used in medical applications. This is the only global industry-consensus standard that details qualification and performance specifications for rigid boards in medical applications.
The IPC D-33AM task group has created this document and mainly focuses on:
IPC-6012EA addendum: This provides additional documents, drawings, and specific requirements to the existing IPC-6012E for boards used in the automotive industry. It addresses the vibration and thermal cycling of the automotive environment. This addendum sets the specifications for:
Read 10 automotive PCB design guidelines to learn class 3 design specifications for automobiles.
The major difference among all these classes is the degree of inspection. It defines the permissible defects while manufacturing the boards. IPC also states that the bare board manufactured (before assembly and testing) should meet the specified class. That means a class 2 bare board cannot be deemed class 3 even after a perfect assembly and testing process.
Key takeaways:
The differences between class 2 and class 3 PCBs are summarized in the infographic below.
SpecificationsClass 2Class 3 Design rulesThese boards are much simpler when compared to class 3. Apart from achieving the desired functions, the specification for via, plating, etc., is much more lenient.Layout design, and component placements must all be determined through a strict and cautious process to achieve high reliability and functionality. Manufacturing constraints They are mostly used in consumer electronics, and the volume of production will be high. Since minor defects are overlooked, manufacturing time and costs are also reduced. It also results in a higher yield. The requirement for high-end manufacturing equipment is also not a necessity. Other than for automotive and a few medical applications, Class 3 boards are not usually mass-produced. Fab houses take great measures to meet the exact specifications. This increases the turnaround time and cost. It can also result in a low yield. Additionally, they are advanced boards that may require high-end equipment. Inspection methodsThe inspection involves a visual examination of the boards for defects like cracks, or broken components. The inspector also performs functional testing to ensure the basic performance requirements.Class 3 board inspections are more rigorous and involve detailed testing methods. Microscopes and other tools are used to check for defects that are not visible to the naked eye. Apart from performance tests, it can also include environmental stress testing, thermal cycling, and vibration testing. This is to ensure that the board can withstand harsh environments. The inspection process can be expensive and time-consuming when compared to class 2 boards.
Umut Tosun, Application Technology Manager at Zestron America, explained, “The major differences between class 2 and class 3 are found in component placement for surface-mount components, cleanliness requirements based on residual contaminants on the assemblies, plating thicknesses as defined in plating through-hole and on the surface of PCBs.”
During assembly, SMD might be slightly placed off the pad. This is what we call a visual defect since it does not usually affect electrical and mechanical performance. It, therefore, does not matter for class 2 circuit boards. However, class 3 does not accept any imperfection and this type of assembly misstep will cause the circuit board to fail the inspection.
The solder joints for class 3 boards should not have any voids, cracks, or defects. However, minor visual defects are allowed in class 2.
The amount of barrel fill required for through-hole leads is 50% for class 2 and 75% for class 3. As it can be delicate to get the paste into small plated through-holes (PTH), Sierra’s advice is to design your PTH 15 mil over the diameter of the lead. This way, you will have 7.5 mil on each side, which will make it easier for the paste to fill the barrel.
SMT and barrel fill requirements
FactorsClass 2Class 3 Surface-mount componentsCan be slightly placed off pad. (Considered as a visual defect, doesn’t affect the electrical and mechanical performance)Imperfections are not acceptable including visual flaws. This kind of imperfection will cause the circuit board to fail the inspection Amount of barrel fillThrough-hole leads 50%Through-hole leads 75%Key takeaways:
Another factor in which IPC classes differ is drill breakouts. The distinctions are outlined below:
There will be a difference between the designed annular ring and the manufactured/actual annular ring. This is due to shifting in materials during the manufacturing process. To meet the class 3 requirements, Sierra Circuits uses Pluritec machines to discover the shift in material, software to re-scale the drill locations, and vision drilling to accurately place the drills.
To achieve acceptance for class 2 and class 3, follow the tables below published by Altium. The first one gives the annular ring requirements for mechanically drilled through holes, blind, and buried vias on ½ oz copper:
You need to consider via type, layer count, line width, and manufacturing cost when deciding the via pad size. For instance, if you have a large trace width, opting for a larger pad size is essential, irrespective of the via size. Another critical factor is the CNC drill wander. It occurs when the drill does not hit the center of the pad. This results in an insufficient annular ring or causes a breakout. So, selecting the right land size is crucial. Here is the formula to calculate the pad size using IPC-6012 and IPC-2221 standards.
Pad size = finished hole diameter + 2 (minimum annular ring size) + fabrication allowance
The fabrication allowance mainly depends on the drill wander. As per IPC-2221, class C is the highest classification with an allowance limit of 8 mils. Additionally, the measurement of the annular ring is different for both the internal and external layers. For internal layers, it is measured from the edge of the drilled hole. Consequently, the external layers are calculated from the edge of the wall plating. Hence, the values differ depending on the plating thickness.
For class 3 boards, the minimum annular ring sizes are as below:
For instance, let’s calculate the pad size for a 12 mil diameter via in a class 3 board. Here, the finished hole size will be 10 mil (2 mil plating thickness).
Pad size (external layer) = 10 + 2 (2) + 8 = 22 mil
Pad size (inner layer) = 10 + 2 (1) + 8 = 20 mil
Similarly, for classes 1 and 2, the minimum annular ring size can be 0 for the inner layers. We need to consider via plating thickness (1 mil) for external layers.
This is one of the safest approaches for calculating the pad sizes that will adhere to IPC class specifications. It will have less breakout and be more reliable. Annular rings in class 3 boards require mechanical strength to withstand thermal tension while operating in harsh environments. This calculation is for the minimum annular ring with respect to IPC. However, based on your design requirement, you can increase the annular ring size as much as possible.
It is also mandatory to add teardrops to via pads for class 3 boards. Adding this lets you have thinner traces without reducing the via size. It also reduces the risk of the hole separating from the conductor.
For calculating the optimum conductor width for your design, check out the trace width calculator
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Features:
resistance, voltage drop, and power loss
The minimum dielectric for class 2 and class 3 is 3.5 mil. This is to ensure the board has enough mechanical strength to withstand the stress without deforming.
Class 3 boards do not allow voids in copper. On Circuitnet, Paul Reid, Program Coordinator at PWB Interconnect Solutions, said, “A copper void is where the copper plating in the barrel of the hole is missing exposing the dielectric material of the drilled hole. Class 2 allows one void in 5% of the holes. class 3 allows no voids.” The plating thickness requirement for class 2 is 0.8 mil as opposed to 1 mil for class 3.
These are just a few requirements that differ between class 2 and class 3. As usual, the best advice we can give you is to communicate with your PCB manufacturer. They will guide you and help you get it right the first time. You should also request a cross-section of your board to make sure that your shop met your specifications. For a more detailed explanation, read our post on 6 DFM issues.
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The IPC document also defines the following plating minimum requirements for surface and hole plating:
Buried vias > 2 layers, through holes, and blind vias
Microvia: blind and buried
Buried cores: 2 layers
Refer to tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 of the IPC 6012E version, March 2020.
Plating is usually measured as an average per side of the hole. The glass fiber protrusion into the plating of the hole can cause cracks. When calculating the average plating of the hole, such isolated thick or thin plating is ignored.
Key takeaways:
Visual and X-ray inspections are not always enough to ensure the integrity of a board. To make sure that your PCB manufacturer meets your requirements, ask for a cross-section analysis. This destructive technique is the best way to verify your board’s internal structure, mostly using a microscope. The test can check for various aspects, such as cracks, voids in solder joints, through-hole filling, etc.
General procedure for conducting a cross-sectional analysis:
Below is a cross-section of a class 2 circuit board:
This is a cross-section of a class 3 board:
At Sierra Circuits, we do in-process cross-sections for every circuit board we manufacture at each step of the building process. We check for dielectric, plasma etch, solder mask thickness, copper, plating, etc. And if we don’t meet the customer’s requirements, we reject the board and build another one. If you need a report, you can ask for a final cross-section. We will send a document with everything we tested and the results. The micro section analysis report looks like this:
Test coupons in PCB are a standardized circuit sample with the same features as the actual board. They evaluate the circuit’s electrical and mechanical properties of your circuit board.
You need to precisely communicate your test coupon requirements to your CM for a seamless testing procedure. Here’s what you need to include in your fab notes:
Let’s have a look at the types of coupons used in class 3 PCBs:
The A/B coupon inspects both vias and component holes. The outer row is designated as test coupon A and the inner row represents coupon B. Test coupon A allows rework simulation of component holes and features large holes with a diameter of 1.905 mm. Whereas, coupon B evaluates the thermal stress of plated-through holes. This coupon contains smaller holes with a diameter of 0.15 mm. Small PTHs are susceptible to increased tensile stress in the barrels near the central z-axis of the board.
IPC D coupons can effectively identify defects such as premature failure, plating voids, thin copper, interplane separation, cracked barrels, blind via to pad separation, and lifted lands.
These coupons are strategically positioned in all four corners and the center of the panel for each via structure to assess the interconnection resistance, continuity, and stack-up of your circuit board. The coupon is equipped with a sufficient number of plated holes or vias connected in a daisy-chain fashion for the highest precision in resistance measurements.
IST imposes thermal stress on a coupon by cycling electrical current through a daisy chain of vias. If the coupon can withstand a minimum of 300-500 cycles before any change in resistance, it ensures the plating integrity of the circuit.
Testing procedure:
(References: IPC-2221A and IPCB-2221B)
After the end-use of the product, the degree of inspection is what you should take into account when choosing which category your PCB should fall into. Keep in mind that inspection is one of the factors that drive up the cost when an assembly goes from class 2 to class 3.
When you think about it, PCBA is not a simple task. The board needs to properly function once assembled with all its components, materials, and the solder to hold them together. Depending on which class your board falls into, the requirements you will have to meet for inspection will differ. This is when some IPC documents come in handy to set the level of acceptance criteria for each product.
General inspection methods for checking class 2 and 3 boards include visual, AOI, X-ray, solderability, and electrical testing. However, the specs will be more stringent for class 3 PCBs. Additional testing like micro-section analysis and environmental tests like stress, pressure, vibration, and burn-in tests are also conducted.
On Circuitnet, Leo Lambert, Vice President of EPTAC, made a list of the most significant documents, which are “the IPC 2220 series for circuit board design and fabrication, the IPC 6010 series documents for board performance and quality, IPC-A 600 for board Acceptability requirements, J-STD-001 for soldering requirements and IPC-A-610 for acceptability requirements.”
There is a misconception that links class 3 boards only to the aerospace field. It is often true but these circuit boards are not exclusive to aerospace or any other industry. The criteria are based on the application of the product. Therefore, class 3 can also be the criteria for avionics, military, industrial, and medical applications.
It makes sense that a lot of class 3 boards are for aerospace. The products launched into space have to be highly reliable to prevent any failure that could be critical. And the additional inspection is just too pricey for the commercial and consumer market.
When you require a class 3 circuit board, it implies that the product has to be built according to the complete IPC criteria. This means that the design and manufacturing teams must take into account laminate selection, plating thickness, annular ring requirements, manufacturing processes, material qualifications, facilities arrangements, inspection criteria, etc., and set correct design constraints in order to produce the board that meets all the class 3 requirements.
For insights on how to address common challenges in aerospace circuit board design, read aerospace PCB design challenges by Christopher Young.
Key takeaways:
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As a designer, it is essential to know the IPC design and manufacturing standards that best suit your design. By following the benchmarks, you can build a high-quality board while eliminating board re-spins and lowering overall costs. Let us know in the comments section if you have any questions related to IPC classes; our design and manufacturing experts will be happy to help you.