What is the introduction of SIM card?

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Did you know that a SIM card was once the size of a credit card? In this article, we'll discuss what a SIM card is, how it has evolved over time, and how it has become one of the most important innovations for global communication.

You'll learn:

The History of the SIM Card

Did you know that the world's first (Motorola DynaTAC X), launched in , didn't use a SIM card, weighed a kilogram, and cost $4,000?

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was implemented for the first time in the early nineties. It's the second generation (2G) of communication systems in cellular networks and allows a communication company to identify a 's owner.

And since then, the size of a SIM has gotten smaller and smaller.

How SIM Cards Have Evolved

The first SIM card: In , the German company Giesecke+Devrient launched the first SIM card. It was about the size of a credit card and called a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

Mini SIM: The mini SIM was launched in . Using it was simple, and you might remember it too. All you had to do was open the battery-saving area on the back of your to insert the SIM.

Micro SIM: SIM size continued to shrink with the launch of the micro SIM in . The iPhone 4 was the first device to support new micro SIM technology.

Nano SIM: In , the nano SIM was launched and is still used in most modern phones.

eSIM: Now, SIMs are integrated into your , enabling you to download an eSIM plan for instant connectivity.

Dual SIM Technology

Many people prefer having a Dual SIM device, allowing them to use multiple SIMs and/or eSIMs simultaneously.

This is very useful for those who want two numbers on one device (a work number and a personal number) and for travelers who wish to connect to local networks abroad.

In , Apple announced the launch of its first Dual SIM device with the release of the iPhone XR. Since then, all Apple devices have had SIM plus eSIM capabilities (please note that this varies depending on the market). 

With the iPhone 14, Apple went eSIM-only in the United States, a trend likely to expand into other markets as eSIM technology grows in popularity. With the iPhone 14, you can store up to eight eSIMs on your device, with two active at once. 

What Is a Digital SIM (eSIM)?

The eSIM (also known as an embedded SIM or digital SIM) sparked a boom in the field of communication.

An eSIM is an embedded SIM that is already built into your . Instead of buying a physical SIM card and activating it manually by inserting it into your , you can connect digitally.

The main difference between eSIMs and traditional SIMs is that you can download an eSIM to your to stay connected without having to handle a physical SIM card.

Also read: Understanding eSIMs: What Is an eSIM and How Does it Work?

The Evolution of the eSIM

Now, let's look at the evolution of the eSIM.

: Samsung launches its first device supporting eSIM technology with its Samsung Gear S2 smartwatch.

: Google launches its Pixel 2 smartphone with the Google Fi eSIM technology. For the first time in Apple's history, eSIM tech is supported in the Apple Watch Series 3.

: Microsoft announces eSIM support for the Surface Pro LTE. Google launches eSIM-enabled smartphones (Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL). Apple launches the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR with eSIM support. 

: Microsoft announces the Surface Pro LTE will support eSIM tech. Google launches eSIM-compatible Pixel 3a and Pixel 3 XL.

: Motorola launches the razr smartphone, which only supports eSIMs.

: Apple announces eSIM-only smartphones in the US market with the release of iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus, Pro, and Pro Max.

Also read: iPhone 15 Features: What to Expect from the Next Apple Smartphone

Where Can I Get an eSIM?

eSIMs are the ideal solution for many people, including travelers. With Airalo, you can choose from a wide variety of eSIMs, available for more than 200 countries and regions worldwide.

How to Install an eSIM:

1. Download the Airalo app.
2. Choose your destination and the package you prefer.
3. Install the eSIM.
4. Follow the instructions to install and activate an eSIM.

Local or Global eSIMs

Choose from over 200 countries and regions. Or, go for a global eSIM if you're traveling to multiple countries and continents.

Regional eSIMs

You can also choose a regional eSIM covering multiple countries in a particular region, including:

• eSIM Asia
• eSIM Africa
• eSIM for Latin America
• eSIM for Europe
• eSIM for the Middle East and North Africa
• eSIM for the Caribbean Islands

Also read: 9 Advantages of Traveling with an eSIM

What Is the Future of the SIM Card?

Some suggest that the traditional or physical SIM will become extinct and eSIMs will take over.

As with many technologies, much of what was physical has been replaced by virtual solutions, such as DVDs to streaming services, mail to , and letters to texts. 

Other indicators that eSIMs are going nowhere are their convenience, affordability, and more eco-friendly approach to connectivity. 

Apple's release of eSIM-only iPhone 14 models in the US demonstrates a shift away from traditional SIM cards. It poses the question of whether that will be the norm for all future smartphones in the coming decade. 

Are you planning to try an eSIM? Choose from eSIMs for 200+ countries and regions in the Airalo store.

Integrated circuit card for a mobile device

"Micro-SIM" redirects here. For the company, see MicroSim Corporation

A typical SIM card (mini-SIM with micro-SIM cutout) T-Mobile nano-SIM card with NFC capabilities in the SIM tray of an iPhone 6s cell

A SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card is an integrated circuit (IC) intended to securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile devices (such as mobile phones and laptops). SIMs are also able to store address book contacts information,[1] and may be protected using a PIN code to prevent unauthorized use.

SIMs are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA phones, they are needed only for LTE-capable handsets. SIM cards are also used in various satellite phones, smart watches, computers, or cameras.[2] The first SIM cards were the size of credit and bank cards; sizes were reduced several times over the years, usually keeping electrical contacts the same, to fit smaller-sized devices.[3] SIMs are transferable between different mobile devices by removing the card itself.

Technically the actual physical card is known as a universal integrated circuit card (UICC); this smart card is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors, with the SIM as its primary component. In practice the term "SIM card" is still used to refer to the entire unit and not simply the IC. A SIM contains a unique serial number, integrated circuit card identification (ICCID), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number, security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to, and four passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for ordinary use, and a personal unblocking key (PUK) for PIN unlocking as well as a second pair (called PIN2 and PUK2 respectively) which are used for managing fixed dialing number and some other functionality.[4][5] In Europe, the serial SIM number (SSN) is also sometimes accompanied by an international article number (IAN) or a European article number (EAN) required when registering online for the subscription of a prepaid card.

A TracFone Wireless SIM card has no distinctive carrier markings and is only marked as a "SIM card".

As of , eSIM is superseding physical SIM cards in some domains, including cellular telephony. eSIM uses a software-based SIM embedded into an irremovable eUICC.

History and procurement

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The SIM card is a type of smart card,[2] the basis for which is the silicon integrated circuit (IC) chip.[6] The idea of incorporating a silicon IC chip onto a plastic card originates from the late s.[6] Smart cards have since used MOS integrated circuit chips, along with MOS memory technologies such as flash memory and EEPROM (electrically EPROM).[7]

The SIM was initially specified by the ETSI in the specification TS 11.11. This describes the physical and logical behaviour of the SIM. With the development of UMTS, the specification work was partially transferred to 3GPP. 3GPP is now responsible for the further development of applications like SIM (TS 51.011[8]) and USIM (TS 31.102[9]) and ETSI for the further development of the physical card UICC.

The first SIM card was manufactured in by Munich smart-card maker Giesecke+Devrient, who sold the first 300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja,[10][11] who launched the world's first commercial 2G GSM cell network that year.[12]

Today (), SIM cards are ubiquitous, allowing over 8 billion devices to connect to cellular networks around the world. According to the International Card Manufacturers Association (ICMA), there were 5.4 billion SIM cards manufactured globally in creating over $6.5 billion in revenue for traditional SIM card vendors.[13] The rise of cellular IoT and 5G networks was predicted by Ericsson to drive the growth of the addressable market for SIM cards to over 20 billion devices by .[14] The introduction of embedded-SIM (eSIM) and remote SIM provisioning (RSP) from the GSMA[15] may disrupt the traditional SIM card ecosystem with the entrance of new players specializing in "digital" SIM card provisioning and other value-added services for mobile network operators.[7]

Design

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SIM chip structure and packaging

There are three operating voltages for SIM cards: 5 V, 3 V and 1.8 V (ISO/IEC -3 classes A, B and C, respectively). The operating voltage of the majority of SIM cards launched before was 5 V. SIM cards produced subsequently are compatible with 3 V and 5 V. Modern cards support 5 V, 3 V and 1.8 V.[7]

4-by-4-millimetre (0.16 in × 0.16 in) silicon chip in a SIM card which has been peeled open. Note the thin gold bonding wires, and the regular, rectangular digital memory areas.

Modern SIM cards allow applications to load when the SIM is in use by the subscriber. These applications communicate with the handset or a server using SIM Application Toolkit, which was initially specified by 3GPP in TS 11.14. (There is an identical ETSI specification with different numbering.) ETSI and 3GPP maintain the SIM specifications. The main specifications are: ETSI TS 102 223 (the toolkit for smart cards), ETSI TS 102 241 (API), ETSI TS 102 588 (application invocation), and ETSI TS 131 111 (toolkit for more SIM-likes). SIM toolkit applications were initially written in native code using proprietary APIs. To provide interoperability of the applications, ETSI chose Java Card.[16] A multi-company collaboration called GlobalPlatform defines some extensions on the cards, with additional APIs and features like more cryptographic security and RFID contactless use added.[17]

Data

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SIM cards store network-specific information used to authenticate and identify subscribers on the network. The most important of these are the ICCID, IMSI, authentication key (Ki), local area identity (LAI) and operator-specific emergency number. The SIM also stores other carrier-specific data such as the SMSC (Short Message service center) number, service provider name (SPN), service dialing numbers (SDN), advice-of-charge parameters and value-added service (VAS) applications. (Refer to GSM 11.11.[18])

SIM cards can come in various data capacities, from 8 KB to at least 256 KB.[11] All can store a maximum of 250 contacts on the SIM, but while the 32 KB has room for 33 Mobile country code (MCCs) or network identifiers, the 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs.[1] This is used by network operators to store data on preferred networks, mostly used when the SIM is not in its home network but is roaming. The network operator that issued the SIM card can use this to have a connect to a preferred network that is more economic for the provider instead of having to pay the network operator that the discovered first. This does not mean that a containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of only 33 or 80 networks, instead it means that the SIM card issuer can specify only up to that number of preferred networks. If a SIM is outside these preferred networks, it uses the first or best available network.[14]

ICCID

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Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID). Nowadays ICCID numbers are also used to identify eSIM profiles, not only physical SIM cards. ICCIDs are stored in the SIM cards and are also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalisation.

The ICCID is defined by the ITU-T recommendation E.118 as the primary account number.[19] Its layout is based on ISO/IEC . According to E.118, the number can be up to 19 digits long, including a single check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm. However, the GSM Phase 1[20] defined the ICCID length as an opaque data field, 10 octets (20 digits) in length, whose structure is specific to a mobile network operator.

The number is composed of the following subparts:

Issuer identification number (IIN)

Maximum of seven digits:

• Major industry identifier (MII), 2 fixed digits, 89 for telecommunication purposes.
• Country code, 2 or 3 digits, as defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164.
  • NANP countries, apart from Canada, use 01, i.e. prepending a zero to their common calling code +1
  • Canada uses 302
  • Russia uses 701, i.e. appending 01 to its calling code +7
  • Kazakhstan uses 997, even though it shares the calling code +7 with Russia
• Issuer identifier, 1&#;4 digits.
  • Often identical to the Mobile country code (MCC).

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Individual account identification

• Individual account identification number. Its length is variable, but every number under one IIN has the same length.
  • Often identical to the Mobile identification number (MIN).

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Check digit

• Single digit calculated from the other digits using the Luhn algorithm.

With the GSM Phase 1 specification using 10 octets into which ICCID is stored as packed BCD[clarification needed], the data field has room for 20 digits with hexadecimal digit "F" being used as filler when necessary. In practice, this means that on GSM cards there are 20-digit (19+1) and 19-digit (18+1) ICCIDs in use, depending upon the issuer. However, a single issuer always uses the same size for its ICCIDs.

As required by E.118, the ITU-T updates a list of all current internationally assigned IIN codes in its Operational Bulletins which are published twice a month (the last as of January was No. from 1 January ).[22] ITU-T also publishes complete lists: as of August , the list issued on 1 December was current, having all issuer identifier numbers before 1 December .[23]

SIM cards are identified on their individual operator networks by a unique international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI). Mobile network operators connect mobile calls and communicate with their market SIM cards using their IMSIs. The format is:

• The first three digits represent the Mobile country code (MCC).
• The next two or three digits represent the Mobile network code (MNC). Three-digit MNC codes are allowed by E.212 but are mainly used in the United States and Canada. One MCC can have both 2 digit and 3 digit MNCs, an example is 350 007.
• The next digits represent the Mobile identification number (MSIN).
• Normally there are 10 digits, but can be fewer in the case of a 3-digit MNC or if national regulations indicate that the total length of the IMSI should be less than 15 digits.
• Digits are different from country to country.

Authentication key (Ki)

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The Ki is a 128-bit value used in authenticating the SIMs on a GSM mobile network (for USIM network, the Ki is still needed but other parameters are also needed). Each SIM holds a unique Ki assigned to it by the operator during the personalisation process. The Ki is also stored in a database (termed authentication center or AuC) on the carrier's network.

The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from getting the Ki by using the smart-card interface. Instead, the SIM card provides a function, Run GSM Algorithm, that the uses to pass data to the SIM card to be signed with the Ki. This, by design, makes using the SIM card mandatory unless the Ki can be extracted from the SIM card, or the carrier is willing to reveal the Ki. In practice, the GSM cryptographic algorithm for computing a signed response (SRES_1/SRES_2: see steps 3 and 4, below) from the Ki has certain vulnerabilities[1] that can allow the extraction of the Ki from a SIM card and the making of a duplicate SIM card.

Authentication process:

1. When the mobile equipment starts up, it obtains the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) from the SIM card, and passes this to the mobile operator, requesting access and authentication. The mobile equipment may have to pass a PIN to the SIM card before the SIM card reveals this information.
2. The operator network searches its database for the incoming IMSI and its associated Ki.
3. The operator network then generates a random number (RAND, which is a nonce) and signs it with the Ki associated with the IMSI (and stored on the SIM card), computing another number, that is split into the Signed Response 1 (SRES_1, 32 bits) and the encryption key Kc (64 bits).
4. The operator network then sends the RAND to the mobile equipment, which passes it to the SIM card. The SIM card signs it with its Ki, producing Signed Response 2 (SRES_2) and Kc, which it gives to the mobile equipment. The mobile equipment passes SRES_2 on to the operator network.
5. The operator network then compares its computed SRES_1 with the computed SRES_2 that the mobile equipment returned. If the two numbers match, the SIM is authenticated and the mobile equipment is granted access to the operator's network. Kc is used to encrypt all further communications between the mobile equipment and the operator.

Location area identity

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The SIM stores network state information, which is received from the location area identity (LAI). Operator networks are divided into location areas, each having a unique LAI number. When the device changes locations, it stores the new LAI to the SIM and sends it back to the operator network with its new location. If the device is power cycled, it takes data off the SIM, and searches for the prior LAI.

Most SIM cards store a number of SMS messages and book contacts. It stores the contacts in simple "name and number" pairs. Entries that contain multiple numbers and additional numbers are usually not stored on the SIM card. When a user tries to copy such entries to a SIM, the handset's software breaks them into multiple entries, discarding information that is not a number. The number of contacts and messages stored depends on the SIM; early models stored as few as five messages and 20 contacts, while modern SIM cards can usually store over 250 contacts.[24]

Formats

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SIM cards have been made smaller over the years; functionality is independent of format. Full-size SIM was followed by mini-SIM, micro-SIM, and nano-SIM. SIM cards are also made to embed in devices.

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From left, full-size SIM (1FF), mini-SIM (2FF), micro-SIM (3FF), and nano-SIM (4FF) SIM card formats and dimensions SIM card format Introduced Standard reference Length Width Thickness Full-size (1FF) ISO/IEC :, ID-1 85.6 mm (3.37 in) 53.98 mm (2.125 in) 0.76 mm (0.030 in) Mini-SIM (2FF) ISO/IEC :, ID-000 25 mm (0.98 in) 15 mm (0.59 in) 0.76 mm (0.030 in) Micro-SIM (3FF) ETSI TS 102 221 V9.0.0, Mini-UICC 15 mm (0.59 in) 12 mm (0.47 in) 0.76 mm (0.030 in) Nano-SIM (4FF) early ETSI TS 102 221 V11.0.0 12.3 mm (0.48 in) 8.8 mm (0.35 in) 0.67 mm (0.026 in) Embedded-SIM
(eSIM) ETSI TS 102.671 V9.0.0

JEDEC Design Guide 4.8, SON-8
GSMA SGP.22 V1.0

&#; &#; &#;

All versions of the non-embedded SIM cards share the same ISO/IEC pin arrangement.

Full-size SIM

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The full-size SIM (or 1FF, 1st form factor) was the first form factor to appear. It was the size of a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm).

The memory chip from a micro-SIM card without the plastic backing plate, next to a US dime, which is approx. 18 mm in diameter X-ray image of a mini-SIM, showing the chip and connections

The mini-SIM (or 2FF) card has the same contact arrangement as the full-size SIM card and is normally supplied within a full-size card carrier, attached by a number of linking pieces. This arrangement (defined in ISO/IEC as ID-1/000) lets such a card be used in a device that requires a full-size card &#; or in a device that requires a mini-SIM card, after breaking the linking pieces. As the full-size SIM is obsolete, some suppliers refer to the mini-SIM as a "standard SIM" or "regular SIM".

The micro-SIM (or 3FF) card has the same thickness and contact arrangements, but reduced length and width as shown in the table above.[25]

The micro-SIM was introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) along with SCP, 3GPP (UTRAN/GERAN), 3GPP2 (CDMA), ARIB, GSM Association (GSMA SCaG and GSMNA), GlobalPlatform, Liberty Alliance, and the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) for the purpose of fitting into devices too small for a mini-SIM card.[21][26]

The form factor was mentioned in the December 3GPP SMG9 UMTS Working Party, which is the standards-setting body for GSM SIM cards,[24] and the form factor was agreed upon in late .[27]

The micro-SIM was designed for backward compatibility. The major issue for backward compatibility was the contact area of the chip. Retaining the same contact area makes the micro-SIM compatible with the prior, larger SIM readers through the use of plastic cutout surrounds. The SIM was also designed to run at the same speed (5 MHz) as the prior version. The same size and positions of pins resulted in numerous "How-to" tutorials and YouTube videos with detailed instructions how to cut a mini-SIM card to micro-SIM size.

The chairman of EP SCP, Klaus Vedder, said[27]

ETSI has responded to a market need from ETSI customers, but additionally there is a strong desire not to invalidate, overnight, the existing interface, nor reduce the performance of the cards.

Micro-SIM cards were introduced by various mobile service providers for the launch of the original iPad, and later for smartphones, from April . The iPhone 4 was the first smartphone to use a micro-SIM card in June ,[citation needed] followed by many others.

After a debate in early between a few designs created by Apple, Nokia and RIM, Apple's design for an even smaller SIM card was accepted by the ETSI.[28][29] The nano-SIM (or 4FF) card was introduced in June , when mobile service providers in various countries first supplied it for phones that supported the format. The nano-SIM measures 12.3 mm × 8.8 mm × 0.67 mm (0.484 in × 0.346 in × 0.026 in) and reduces the previous format to the contact area while maintaining the existing contact arrangements.[30] A small rim of isolating material is left around the contact area to avoid short circuits with the socket. The nano-SIM can be put into adapters for use with devices designed for 2FF or 3FF SIMs, and is made thinner for that purpose,[31] and companies give due warning about this.[32] 4FF is 0.67 mm (0.026 in) thick, compared to the 0.76 mm (0.030 in) of its predecessors.

The iPhone 5, released in September , was the first device to use a nano-SIM card,[33] followed by other handsets.

Security

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In July , Karsten Nohl, a security researcher from SRLabs, described[34][35] vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that supported DES, which, despite its age, is still used by some operators.[35] The attack could lead to the being remotely cloned or let someone steal payment credentials from the SIM.[35] Further details of the research were provided at BlackHat on 31 July .[35][36] In response, the International Telecommunication Union said that the development was "hugely significant" and that it would be contacting its members.[37]

In February , The Intercept reported that the NSA and GCHQ had stolen the encryption keys (Ki's) used by Gemalto (now known as Thales DIS, manufacturer of 2 billion SIM cards annually) [38]), enabling these intelligence agencies to monitor voice and data communications without the knowledge or approval of cellular network providers or judicial oversight.[39] Having finished its investigation, Gemalto claimed that it has &#;reasonable grounds&#; to believe that the NSA and GCHQ carried out an operation to hack its network in and , but says the number of possibly stolen keys would not have been massive.[40]

In September , Cathal Mc Daid, a security researcher from Adaptive Mobile Security, described[41][42] how vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that contained the S@T Browser library were being actively exploited. This vulnerability was named Simjacker. Attackers were using the vulnerability to track the location of thousands of mobile users in several countries.[43] Further details of the research were provided at VirusBulletin on 3 October .[44][45]

Developments

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When GSM was already in use, the specifications were further developed and enhanced with functionality such as SMS and GPRS. These development steps are referred as releases by ETSI. Within these development cycles, the SIM specification was enhanced as well: new voltage classes, formats and files were introduced.

USIM

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In GSM-only times, the SIM consisted of the hardware and the software. With the advent of UMTS, this naming was split: the SIM was now an application and hence only software. The hardware part was called UICC. This split was necessary because UMTS introduced a new application, the universal subscriber identity module (USIM). The USIM brought, among other things, security improvements like mutual authentication and longer encryption keys, and an improved address book.

UICC

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"SIM cards" in developed countries today are usually UICCs containing at least a SIM application and a USIM application. This configuration is necessary because older GSM only handsets are solely compatible with the SIM application and some UMTS security enhancements rely on the USIM application.

Other variants

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On cdmaOne networks, the equivalent of the SIM card is the R-UIM and the equivalent of the SIM application is the CSIM.

A virtual SIM is a mobile number provided by a mobile network operator that does not require a SIM card to connect calls to a user's mobile .

Embedded SIM (eSIM)

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Embedded SIM from M2M supplier Eseye with an adapter board for evaluation in a mini-SIM socket

An embedded SIM (eSIM) is a form of programmable SIM that is embedded directly into a device.[46] The surface mount format provides the same electrical interface as the full size, 2FF and 3FF SIM cards, but is soldered to a circuit board as part of the manufacturing process. In M2M applications where there is no requirement[15] to change the SIM card, this avoids the requirement for a connector, improving reliability and security.[citation needed] An eSIM can be provisioned remotely; end-users can add or remove operators without the need to physically swap a SIM from the device.[47]

The eSIM standard, initially introduced in , has progressively supplanted traditional physical SIM cards across various sectors, notably in cellular telephony.[48][49][50] In September , Apple introduced the Apple Watch Series 3 featuring eSIM.[51] In October , Apple introduced the iPad Pro (3rd generation),[52] which was the first iPad to support eSIM. In September , Apple introduced the iPhone 14 series which was the first eSIM exclusive iPhone in the United States.[53]

Integrated SIM (iSIM)

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An integrated SIM (iSIM) is a form of SIM directly integrated into the modem chip or main processor of the device itself. As a consequence they are smaller, cheaper and more reliable than eSIMs, they can improve security and ease the logistics and production of small devices i.e. for IoT applications. Sprint Corporation & Verizon (mobile network) Used these inside their 2G & 3G Phones from -. In , Deutsche Telekom introduced the nuSIM, an "Integrated SIM for IoT".[54][55][56]

Usage in mobile standards

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SIM cards of various German mobile operators

The use of SIM cards is mandatory in GSM devices.[57][58]

The satellite networks Iridium, Thuraya and Inmarsat's BGAN also use SIM cards. Sometimes, these SIM cards work in regular GSM phones and also allow GSM customers to roam in satellite networks by using their own SIM cards in a satellite .

Japan's 2G PDC system (which was shut down in ; SoftBank Mobile shut down PDC from 31 March ) also specified a SIM, but this has never been implemented commercially. The specification of the interface between the Mobile Equipment and the SIM is given in the RCR STD-27 annexe 4. The Subscriber Identity Module Expert Group was a committee of specialists assembled by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to draw up the specifications (GSM 11.11) for interfacing between smart cards and mobile telephones. In , the name SIMEG was changed to SMG9.

Japan's current and next-generation cellular systems are based on W-CDMA (UMTS) and CDMA and all use SIM cards. However, Japanese CDMA-based phones are locked to the R-UIM they are associated with and thus, the cards are not interchangeable with other Japanese CDMA handsets (though they may be inserted into GSM/WCDMA handsets for roaming purposes outside Japan).

CDMA-based devices originally did not use a removable card, and the service for these phones is bound to a unique identifier contained in the handset itself. This is most prevalent in operators in the Americas. The first publication of the TIA-820 standard (also known as 3GPP2 C.S) in defined the Removable User Identity Module (R-UIM). Card-based CDMA devices are most prevalent in Asia.

The equivalent of a SIM in UMTS is called the universal integrated circuit card (UICC), which runs a USIM application. The UICC is still colloquially called a SIM card.[59]

SIM and carriers

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The SIM card introduced a new and significant business opportunity for MVNOs who lease capacity from one of the network operators rather than owning or operating a cellular telecoms network and only provide a SIM card to their customers. MVNOs first appeared in Denmark, Hong Kong, Finland and the UK. By they existed in over 50 countries, including most of Europe, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia and parts of Asia, and accounted for approximately 10% of all mobile subscribers around the world.[60]

On some networks, the mobile is locked to its carrier SIM card, meaning that the only works with SIM cards from the specific carrier. This is more common in markets where mobile phones are heavily subsidised by the carriers, and the business model depends on the customer staying with the service provider for a minimum term (typically 12, 18 or 24 months). SIM cards that are issued by providers with an associated contract, but where the carrier does not provide a mobile device (such as a mobile ) are called SIM-only deals. Common examples are the GSM networks in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Poland. UK mobile networks ended SIM lock practices in December . Many businesses offer the ability to remove the SIM lock from a , effectively making it possible to then use the on any network by inserting a different SIM card. Mostly, GSM and 3G mobile handsets can easily be unlocked and used on any suitable network with any SIM card.

In countries where the phones are not subsidised, e.g., India, Israel and Belgium, all phones are unlocked. Where the is not locked to its SIM card, the users can easily switch networks by simply replacing the SIM card of one network with that of another while using only one . This is typical, for example, among users who may want to optimise their carrier's traffic by different tariffs to different friends on different networks, or when travelling internationally.

In , carriers started using the concept of automatic SIM reactivation[61] whereby they let users reuse expired SIM cards instead of purchasing new ones when they wish to re-subscribe to that operator. This is particularly useful in countries where prepaid calls dominate and where competition drives high churn rates, as users had to return to a carrier shop to purchase a new SIM each time they wanted to churn back to an operator.

Commonly sold as a product by mobile telecommunications companies, "SIM-only" refers to a type of legally liability contract between a mobile network provider and a customer. The contract itself takes the form of a credit agreement and is subject to a credit check.

SIM-only contracts can be pre-pay - where the subscriber buys credit before use (often called pay as you go, abbreviated to PAYG), or post-pay, where the subscriber pays in arrears, typically monthly.

Within a SIM-only contract, the mobile network provider supplies their customer with just one piece of hardware, a SIM card, which includes an agreed amount of network usage in exchange for a monthly payment. Network usage within a SIM-only contract can be measured in minutes, text, data or any combination of these. The duration of a SIM-only contract varies depending on the deal selected by the customer, but in the UK they are typically available over 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24-month periods.

SIM-only contracts differ from mobile contracts in that they do not include any hardware other than a SIM card. In terms of network usage, SIM-only is typically more cost-effective than other contracts because the provider does not charge more to offset the cost of a mobile device over the contract period. The short contract length is one of the key features of SIM-only &#; made possible by the absence of a mobile device.

SIM-only is increasing in popularity very quickly.[62] In pay monthly based mobile subscriptions grew from 41 per cent to 49 per cent of all UK mobile subscriptions.[63] According to German research company GfK, 250,000 SIM-only mobile contracts were taken up in the UK during July alone, the highest figure since GfK began keeping records.

Increasing smartphone penetration combined with financial concerns is leading customers to save money by moving onto a SIM-only when their initial contract term is over.

Multiple-SIM devices

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Dual SIM slots as shown on a feature

Dual SIM devices have two SIM card slots for the use of two SIM cards, from one or multiple carriers. Multiple SIM devices are commonplace in developing markets such as in Africa, East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, where variable billing rates, network coverage and speed make it desirable for consumers to use multiple SIMs from competing networks. Dual-SIM phones are also useful to separate one's personal number from a business number, without having to carry multiple devices. Some popular devices, such as the BlackBerry KeyOne, have dual-SIM variants; however, dual-SIM devices were not common in the US or Europe due to lack of demand. This has changed with mainline products from Apple and Google featuring either two SIM slots or a combination of a physical SIM slot and an eSIM.

In September , Apple introduced iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR featuring Dual SIM (nano-SIM and eSIM) and Apple Watch Series 4 featuring Dual eSIM.

Thin SIM

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A GPP-branded SIM interposer used to circumvent network restrictions on carrier-locked iPhones

A thin SIM (or overlay SIM or SIM overlay) is a very thin device shaped like a SIM card, approximately 120 microns (1&#;200 inch) thick. It has contacts on its front and back. It is used by placing it on top of a regular SIM card. It provides its own functionality while passing through the functionality of the SIM card underneath. It can be used to bypass the mobile operating network and run custom applications, particularly on non-programmable cell phones.[64]

Its top surface is a connector that connects to the in place of the normal SIM. Its bottom surface is a connector that connects to the SIM in place of the . With electronics, it can modify signals in either direction, thus presenting a modified SIM to the , and/or presenting a modified to the SIM. (It is a similar concept to the Game Genie, which connects between a game console and a game cartridge, creating a modified game). Similar devices have also been developed for iPhones to circumvent SIM card restrictions on carrier-locked models.[65]

In , Equitel, an MVNO operated by Kenya's Equity Bank, announced its intention to begin issuing thin SIMs to customers, raising security concerns by competition, particularly concerning the safety of mobile money accounts. However, after months of security testing and legal hearings before the country's Parliamentary Committee on Energy, Information and Communications, the Communications Authority of Kenya (CAK) gave the bank the green light to roll out its thin SIM cards.[66]

See also

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References

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